Zakat Ka Shariah Mutabiq Hisaab — Kiski Kitni Zakat Farz Hai

Zakat — Islam Ka Teesra Pillar

Zakat (زكاة) Islam ke 5 faraiz (pillars) mein se teesra hai. Yeh woh ibadat hai jis mein Allah ke maal ka ek hissa gareebon mein taqseem kiya jaata hai. Quran majeed mein 80+ verses mein zakat ka zikr hai, aur salah (namaaz) ke saath istemal hota hai — yaani zakat salah ke jaisi hi zaroori hai. "Waa aqeemus-salata wa aatuz-zakat" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:43) — "Namaaz qaim karo aur zakat do."

Zakat ka maqsad sirf paise ki transfer nahi — yeh apne maal ko paak karna hai, samaji equality laana hai, aur Allah ki raah mein kharch kar ke us ki qurbat paana hai. Surah At-Tawbah (9:103) mein Allah farmate hain: "Khudah ki raza ke liye unke maal se sadqa le lo, taake tum unhein paak aur safai de sako."

Nisab — Minimum Wealth Level

Nisab woh minimum wealth level hai jis par zakat farz hoti hai. Do types ke nisab hain:

• Gold Nisab: 7.5 tola = 87.48 gram gold (approx PKR 6,15,000 at Rs 7,000/tola)
• Silver Nisab: 52.5 tola = 612.36 gram silver (approx PKR 1,08,000-3,12,000)
• Cash/Business Nisab: Gold ya silver nisab ke value ke barabar

Scholars ka aksariyat (Hanafi school) silver nisab use karne ki recommendation karta hai — is se zyada log zakat ada karte hain aur gareebon ki madad zyada hoti hai. Pakistan mein daily gold aur silver rates jewellers associations aur news websites par available hotay hain.

Zakat Ki Rate — 2.5%

Zakat ki rate zakatable wealth ka 2.5% (one-fortieth) hoti hai. Yeh rate fixed hai — income level ya wealth size se nahi badalta. Rs 1 lakh par Rs 2,500, Rs 10 lakh par Rs 25,000, Rs 1 crore par Rs 2.5 lakh. Simple, fair, equal.

Quran mein rate specific nahi hai — yeh Hadith se derive hota hai. Sahih Bukhari (Hadith 1452) mein Prophet ﷺ ne farmaya: "Paanch wasaq (1300 kg) se kam phal par zakat nahi, paanch ozuk (wasq) se kam gandum par zakat nahi, aur paanch waqiyah (200 dirham) se kam silver par zakat nahi."

Zakat Farz Karne Ki 4 Conditions

1. Muslim ho: Zakat sirf Muslims par farz hai. Non-Muslims par nahi (woh jizya dete the Islamic state mein).
2. Free ho (ghulam na ho): Modern era mein yeh condition practical nahi, lekin classical fiqh mein thi.
3. Baaligh aur aqil ho: Puberty aur sanity ki age ke baad zakat farz hoti hai. Bacchon ke maal par zakat wali ke zimma hai (Hanafi fiqh ke mutabiq).
4. Nisab ke malik ho ek poori lunar year ke liye: 1 lunar year = 354 days. Nisab saal bhar maintained hona chahiye. Agar beech mein wealth nisab se neeche girti hai phir wapas aati hai, to naya saal shuru.

Kis Kis Par Zakat Lagti Hai?

1. Cash Aur Bank Balance

Hand cash, current account, savings account, foreign currency — sab par zakat 2.5% lagti hai. Conventional bank accounts mein jo sood (interest) milta hai, woh qabool nahi karna chahiye — kisi faqeer ko de dena chahiye bila niyat sawab.

2. Gold Aur Silver

Gold aur silver par zakat lagti hai chahe personal use ho ya investment. Hanafi aur Shafi'i fiqh mein yeh agreed ruling hai. Pakistan mein aam taur par aurat ke jewelry par zakat lazmi samjha jaata hai.

Valuation: Gold rate per tola × total tolas = total value. 2.5% zakat. Making charges usually include nahi hote (sirf gold content par zakat), lekin practical purposes ke liye full market value par zakat ada karna easy hai.

3. Stocks Aur Mutual Funds

Listed shares aur mutual funds par zakat current market value par 2.5% lagti hai. Some scholars say ke agar aap ki niyat trading ki hai to full value par, agar long-term investment hai to alag ruling ho sakti hai. Aham yeh hai ke zakat ada karein.

4. Business Inventory

Business mein sale ke liye rakha hua maal (raw material, finished goods) par zakat lagti hai. Cash receivables (jo logon se udhaar maal par) par bhi. Account receivable jab wapis mil jayein to us saal ki zakat nikalni hai.

5. Rental Income (Saved)

Property par zakat total value par nahi lagti. Sirf rental income par lagti hai — woh bhi agar saal bhar save ho. Agar aap rental income same saal mein kharch kar dete hain, to zakat nahi.

6. Agricultural Produce (Ushr)

Zamini faisle par Ushr lagta hai:

• Rain-fed (barani) zameen: 10% of produce
• Irrigated (tube well/canal) zameen: 5% of produce
• Yeh ushr nisab se below bhi lagta hai (different rule)

7. Livestock (Cattle, Camels, Sheep)

Cattle, camels, aur sheep/goats par zakat specific numbers ke hisaab se lagti hai — nisab aur rate alag alag hai. Pakistan mein kisan ki aksariyat is category mein nahi aati.

Kis Kis Par Zakat Nahi Lagti?

• Personal use ki property: Aap ka ghar jismein rehte hain, gaari, furniture, appliances
• Tools aur equipment: Aap ke kaam ke tools (carpenter ke tools, doctor ke equipment)
• Salary/wages jo daily kharch ho jaate hain: Agar same month mein consumption ho jaata hai
• Haraam income: Sood, gambling, bribe — yeh pahele se haram hai, in par zakat nahi (woh pahele wapis karne hote hain)
• Waqf property: Religious ya charitable trusts
• Family members ka debt: Jo udhaar aap ne diya lekin wapas ki umeed nahi
• Books aur ilmi material: Personal study ke liye

8 Eligible Recipients (Surah At-Tawbah 9:60)

Quran majeed ke Surah At-Tawbah (9:60) mein Allah ne 8 categories batayi hain jinko zakat di ja sakti hai:

1. Fuqara (فقara) — Ghareeb log jo apni basic needs poori nahi kar sakte. Yeh woh log hain jin ke paas kuch paisa hai lekin nisab se kam.
2. Masakeen (مساكين) — Bohat gareeb log, jo bilkul flat broke hain, kuch nahi hai.
3. Zakat collectors (العاملون عليها) — Jo log zakat collect karne ka official kaam karte hain (Islamic state ki zakat department).
4. Recent converts (المؤلفة قلوبهم) — Naye Muslims jo financial support ke mohtaaj hain, ya woh log jinka dil Islam ki taraf mayil karna hai.
5. Slaves (في الرقاب) — Apni azadi khareedne ke liye, modern era mein human trafficking victims ko free karna is under.
6. Debtors (الغارمين) — Jo karz mein doobe hain aur chuka nahi kar sakte. Note: Sirf woh debt jo halal kaam mein liya gaya ho.
7. Fi sabilillah (في سبيل الله) — Allah ki raah mein — travelers, students, mujahideen, masjid construction (some scholars).
8. Ibn al-sabil (ابن السبيل) — Musafir jinka paisa khatam ho gaya ho, chahe ghar mein ameer ho.

Gold Aur Silver Ka Zakat — Practical Method

Step-by-step method:

1. Total gold/silver ka weight maloom karein (tolas mein). 1 tola = 11.66 gram.
2. Current market rate check karein (jewellers website, news).
3. Total value = weight × rate per tola
4. Zakat = 2.5% × total value

Example: Aap ke paas 8 tola gold hai. Rate Rs 2,40,000/tola. Total value = 8 × 240,000 = Rs 19,20,000. Zakat = 2.5% × 19,20,000 = Rs 48,000.

Multiple items hain to sab ko add karein — bangles, necklace, rings, earrings, gold coins. Investment gold (biscuits) bhi same rate par zakat.

Annual Zakat Date Set Karein

Har insaan ka apna zakat year hota hai. Date note kar lein jab aap pehli baar nisab par pohanche, phir har saal usi hijri (lunar) date par zakat calculate karein.

• Bohat log Ramadan mein zakat nikalte hain — extra reward ki umeed mein
• Lekin zaroori nahi — aap ki khud ki date ho sakti hai
• Agar beech mein advance zakat diya to us ko minis kar lein
• Date yearly rakhein, change na karein

Common Mistakes Jin Se Bachna Hai

• Personal jewelry ko exempt samajhna: Hanafi aur Shafi'i fiqh mein gold/silver par zakat lazmi hai.
• Bank balance se zakat na nikalna: Bank balance — chahe Islamic ya conventional — par zakat 2.5% farz hai.
• Property par zakat lagna: Personal ghar aur gaari par zakat nahi lagti. Investment property par sirf rental income par, total value par nahi.
• Saved rental income ignore karna: Rental income jo save ho rahi hai woh zakatable hai.
• Receivable loans bhool jana: Jo logon ko udhaar diya hai aur wapis aane ki umeed hai, woh zakatable.
• Hijri saal ke bajaye Gregorian saal use karna: Zakat lunar year (354 days) par farz hai, solar year (365 days) par nahi.
• 8 categories mein sirf gareebon ko dena: Surah 9:60 mein 8 categories hain — debtor, musafir, students bhi eligible hain.
• Apne parents/children ko zakat dena: Yeh haram hai — aap ke dependents ko zakat nahi de sakte. Brother, sister, uncle, aunt ko de sakte hain.

Schools Of Thought Ke Ikhtelafat

Hanafi Fiqh

Pakistan aur India mein majority Hanafi hai. Gold aur silver par zakat chahe personal use ho ya investment. Jewelry ki market value par zakat. Cash aur bank dono par. Agricultural land par ushr.

Shafi'i Fiqh

Personal use ki jewelry par zakat nahi lagti (some scholars). Zakat sirf investment gold/silver par. Yeh ruling Saudi Arabia mein common hai. Pakistan mein yeh position khaas scholars follow karte hain.

Maliki Fiqh

Personal use ki jewelry par zakat nahi lagti. Malikis ki position Shafi'i ke similar hai.

Hanbali Fiqh

Personal use ki jewelry par zakat lagti hai (Hanafi ke similar). Saudi Arabia mein yeh position bhi follow hoti hai.

Aham — Sahi Tarika

Ikhtelafat ke bawajood, sab se aham yeh hai ke zakat ada karein. Personal use ki jewelry par zakat lagta hai ya nahi — yeh difference of opinion hai. Sab se safe tareeqa yeh hai ke sab par zakat ada karein, taake Allah ke hawale se puri ho sake. Hadith: "Woh qom khairat (zakat) rok deti hai, Allah unhein aasman se paani rok deta hai" (Tirmidhi).

Calculator Use Karein

Apni zakat ka instant calculation ke liye hamara Zakat Calculator use karein. Cash, bank, gold, silver, investments, business inventory — sab enter karein, nisab threshold ke saath sahi calculation paayein. Islamic banking ke products ke liye Islamic Banking Markup Calculator bhi available hai.